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OrdenProgas - Calculation Tool for Caloric and Dynamic Properties of Mixtures of Real Natural Gases
Calculation FeaturesAbout the Software
Validation
Sample Input File
Sample Output File
Order Information and Payment
Terms and Conditions
Downloads - Userguide - Trial Version
Calculation Features
- Composition of components in Mole %, Volume %, Weight % normative and ultimate Weight % for C-H-N-O-S-He-Ar
- Molar mass & gas constant according to DIN 1871-1999, ISO 6976-1995, ASTM D3588-98 (2003), extendable
- Low & high heat value according to ISO 6976-1995 (0°C 15°C 20°C 25°C), ASTM D3588-98 (2003) extendable
- Caloric properties according to AGA8-DC92 (ISO 12213-2) and ISO 20765-1-2005 (Helmholtz free energy approach). The method is applicable to pipeline-quality gases within the ranges of pressure and temperature at which transmission and distribution operations normally take place.
- Density
- Compression Factor
- Inner energy
- Enthalpy
- Entropy
- Heat capacity cp & cv
- Isentropic exponent
- Joule Thomson coefficient
- Speed of sound
- Transport Properties according to Schley VDI Reihe 7 No. 418-2001
- Dynamic viscosity
- Heat circuit capacity
- Optional flow Calculation all devices in ISO 5167-2003
- Orifice with Corner Tapping
- Orifice with Flange Tapping
- Orifice with D & D/2 Tapping
- ISA 1932 Nozzle
- Long Radius Nozzle
- Venturi Nozzle
- Classical Venturi Tube with »as cast« convergent section
- Classical Venturi Tube with machined convergent section
- Classical Venturi Tube with rough-welded sheet-iron convergent section
- Calibrated or standard discharge coefficient
- Diameter correction for temperature
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About the Software
Fuel consumption and fuel heat input belong to the most sensitive parameters in today's gas turbine operation. For large consumers and power plants 0.1% difference in heat rate can have hundreds of thousands of dollars impact on fuel costs within just one year, which is also why penalties to manufacturers are extraordinary high when not meeting the heat rate guarantees. Gas turbine operators are well advised to have their own calculation tool, being able to crosscheck thermal performance, but also monthly bills coming from gas suppliers.Of course there are enough other reasons for engineers to stay up to date with natural gas properties.
I have developed this application to have a light-weight, easy to use and fast calculation for real gas properties. The calculator works on Command Prompt level and therefore on any on Windows NT-based operating system including Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7 (32-Bit and 64-Bit). There is no installation required, but to unlock the full version a license key has to be entered into the registry. The application runs out of the box. Input and Output files are ASCII Text. Other applications could easily call the tool and further process the produced results.
For manual handling of the input file a comfortable text editor with overwrite option is recommended e.g. Notepad2.
Real gas density vs. ideal gas density
The effect of compression factor tells that the real gas density is higher than the ideal gas density, typically by 1...5%. Ideal gas density neglects the compression factor.
ρ=(M·p)/(R·z·T)
ρ - real gas density [kg/m³]
M - molar mass [kg/mol]
p - absolute gas pressure [Pa = N/m²]
R - universal gas constant: 8.31451 J/(mol·K) = 8.31451 (N·m)/(mol·K)
z - compression factor: typical values 0.95...0.99, in ideal gas z = 1.0
T - absolute temperature [K]
Real gas enthalpy vs. ideal gas enthalpy
Real gas enthalpy being part of the overall heat input is smaller than ideal gas enthalpy. Example with gas 3 and 0°C/ 0.101325 MPa reference conditions. Ideal gas enthalpy calculates just with the temperature difference and a typical heat capacity of 2.3 kJ/(kg·K).
Real heat input: HI = m·[LHV + Δh] = m·[46902 - 28.266 - (-51.758)] kJ/kg = m·46925 kJ/kg
Simplified heat input: HI = m·[LHV + cpΔT] = m·[46902 + 2.3·(36.85 - 0)] kJ/kg = m·46987 kJ/kg
The real heat input in this example is 0.13% lower.
HI - heat input [kW = kJ/s]
m - fuel gas mass flow [kg/s]
LHV - Low heat value combustion at 0 °C [kJ/kg]
Δh - real gas enthalpy difference between metering pressure and temperature and reference conditions [kJ/kg]
cp - heat capacity for the ideal gas (depending only on temperature) [kJ/(kg·K)]
ΔT - difference between metering temperature and reference temperature [K]
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Validation
The main feature of the tool is ISO 20765, which is state of the art calculation for real natural gas mixtures. The tool is validated versus published example calculations provided in Annex G of ISO 20765-1:2005 for Gas 3 and Gas 4. The results can be directly compared, with exception of entropy; because a different reference is used ("0.0" is set for 298.15 K and 1.01325 bar ideal gas). For enthalpy, entropy, and energy it is always the difference between two points that matters. To validate entropy it is necessary to run 2 calculations and compare the differences.Heat values and flow calculations are validated and can be checked with published example calculations or little manual effort.
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Sample Input File
GAS 3 ISO 20765-1 2005(E) Annex G
50.0 ,'= gas pressure.................................................[bar absolut]'
36.85 ,'= gas temperature....................................................[deg C]'
1.045 ,'= pressure drop across flow element 0no flow calculation...............[bar]'
0.2025 ,'= pipe diameter..........................................................[m]'
22.3 ,'= pipe diameter reference temperature................................[deg C]'
11 ,'= pipe material 10NOcorr 11steel1 12steel2 13steel3 14steel4 15steel5....[-]'
0.1229 ,'= flow element diameter orifice/nozzle/venturi nozzle/venturi tube.......[m]'
8.33 ,'= flow element diameter reference temperature........................[deg C]'
15 ,'= flow element material 16steel6 17SnBz4 18E-Cu 19Rg9 20Ms63 21Ni 22HaC..[-]'
0.6131 ,'= discharge coefficient 1 from calibration.0NO calibration...............[-]'
0.6155 ,'= discharge coefficient 2 from calibration...............................[-]'
0.62345D5 ,'= reynoldsnumber 1 from calibration with pipe diameter...................[-]'
0.62345D7 ,'= reynoldsnumber 2 from calibration with pipe diameter...................[-]'
ISO00.DTA ,'= data filename for heat values and molar masses.........................[-]'
0 ,'= gas composition given in..........................0[mol%] 1[vol%] 2[wght%]'
1 ,'= flow element 1ORcor 2ORfla 3ORdd2 4NOisa 5NOlra 6VEnoz 7VTasc 8VTmac 9VTrw'
0. ,'= (1) ,%,H2...........hydrogen '
0. ,'= (2) ,%,He...........helium '
0. ,'= (3) ,%,H2O..........water vapor '
0. ,'= (4) ,%,CO...........carbon monoxide '
0.9617 ,'= (5) ,%,N2...........nitrogen '
0. ,'= (6) ,%,O2...........oxygen '
0. ,'= (7) ,%,H2S..........hydrogen sulfide '
0. ,'= (8) ,%,Ar...........argon '
1.5021 ,'= (9) ,%,CO2..........carbon dioxide '
85.9284 ,'= (10) ,%,CH4..........methane '
8.4563 ,'= (11) ,%,C2H6.........ethane '
2.3022 ,'= (12) ,%,C3H8.........propane '
0. ,'= (13) ,%,i-C4H10......iso-butane '
0.6985 ,'= (14) ,%,n-C4H10......n-butane '
0. ,'= (15) ,%,neo-C5H12....neo-pentane '
0. ,'= (16) ,%,i-C5H12......iso-pentane '
0.1218 ,'= (17) ,%,n-C5H12......n-pentane '
0.0228 ,'= (18) ,%,n-C6H14......n-hexane '
0.0057 ,'= (19) ,%,n-C7H16......n-heptane '
0.0005 ,'= (20) ,%,n-C8H18......n-octane '
0. ,'= (21) ,%,n-C9H20......n-nonane '
0. ,'= (22) ,%,n-C10H22.....n-decane '
0. ,'= (23) ,%,SO2..........sulfur dioxide '
0. ,'= (24) ,%,c-C5H10......cyclopentane '
0. ,'= (25) ,%,c-C6H12......cyclohexane '
0. ,'= (26) ,%,CH3-C5H9.....methylcyclopentane '
0. ,'= (27) ,%,CH3-C6H11....methylcyclohexane '
0. ,'= (28) ,%,2,2-i-C6H14..2,2-dimethylbutane '
0. ,'= (29) ,%,2,3-i-C6H14..2,3-dimethylbutane '
0. ,'= (30) ,%,C6H6.........benzene '
0. ,'= (31) ,%,C7H8.........toluene '
0. ,'= (32) ,%,o-C8H10......o-xylene '
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Screen-shot DOS Window - The calculation terminated successfully
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Sample Output File
PROGAS (Version 01-Oct-2011) Calculation for Mixtures of Real Gases 01-Oct-2011 17:40:55
GAS 3 ISO 20765-1 2005(E) Annex G
Actual Gas Conditions
Pressure 50.00 bar a = 725.19 psia
Temperature 36.85 deg C = 98.33 deg F = 310.00 K
Sum of Given Gas Composition = 100.0000 Mol%
Results Mol% Vol% Wght%
Hydrogen.....................H2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Helium.......................He 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Water Vapor.................H2O 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Carbon Monoxide..............CO 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Nitrogen.....................N2 0.9617 0.9650 1.4335
Oxygen.......................O2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Hydrogen Sulfide............H2S 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Argon........................Ar 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Carbon Dioxide..............CO2 1.5021 1.4979 3.5175
Methane.....................CH4 85.9284 86.0607 73.3513
Ethane.....................C2H6 8.4563 8.4048 13.5301
Propane....................C3H8 2.3022 2.2625 5.4018
iso-Butane..............i-C4H10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
n-Butane................n-C4H10 0.6985 0.6712 2.1602
neo-Pentane...........neo-C5H12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
iso-Pentane.............i-C5H12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
n-Pentane...............n-C5H12 0.1218 0.1123 0.4676
n-Hexane................n-C6H14 0.0228 0.0204 0.1045
n-Heptane...............n-C7H16 0.0057 0.0047 0.0304
n-Octane................n-C8H18 0.0005 0.0004 0.0030
n-Nonane................n-C9H20 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
n-Decane...............n-C10H22 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Sulfur Dioxide..............SO2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Cyclopentane............c-C5H10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Cyclohexane.............c-C6H12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Methylcyclopentane.....CH3-C5H9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Methylcyclohexane.....CH3-C6H11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2,2-Dimethylbutane..2,2-i-C6H14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2,3-Dimethylbutane..2,3-i-C6H14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Benzene....................C6H6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Toluene....................C7H8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
o-xylene................o-C8H10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Sum 100.000 100.000 100.000
Ultimate Analysis in Weight%
C=73.3906 H=22.6185 O= 2.5575 N= 1.4335 S= 0.0000 HE= 0.0000 AR= 0.0000
C+H+O+N+S+HE+AR = 100.0001
Molar Mass = 18.7938 kg/kmol
Gas Constant = 442.407 J/(kg*K)
Low Heat Value = 46.902 MJ/kg = 20164. BTU/lb
High Heat Value = 51.960 MJ/kg = 22339. BTU/lb
Pressure 1.013bar 1.013bar 1.013bar 14.73psi Actual
Temperature 0. degC 15. degC 25. degC 60. degF Actual
------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
Low Heat Value MJ/m3 39.454 37.380 36.116 37.394 1900.107
Low Heat Value BTU/ft3 1058.9 1003.3 969.3 1003.6 50997.0
High Heat Value MJ/m3 43.708 41.411 40.010 41.427 2104.992
High Heat Value BTU/ft3 1173.1 1111.4 1073.8 1111.8 56495.9
Density kg/m3 0.8412 0.7970 0.7700 0.7973 40.5119
Density lb/ft3 0.0525 0.0498 0.0481 0.0498 2.5291
Relative Density 0.6506 0.6504 0.6502 0.6504
Compression Factor 0.99677 0.99730 0.99760 0.99732 0.89992
Inner Energy kJ/kg -172.212 -148.678 -132.687 -147.798 -151.686
Enthalpy kJ/kg -51.758 -21.542 -1.099 -20.416 -28.266
Entropy kJ/(kg*K) -0.1800 -0.0724 -0.0026 -0.0695 -1.7694
Heat Capacity cp kJ/(kg*K) 1.9975 2.0319 2.0569 2.0333 2.4532
Heat Capacity cv kJ/(kg*K) 1.5485 1.5838 1.6092 1.5851 1.7033
Isentropic Exponent 1.2858 1.2795 1.2751 1.2793 1.3034
Joule Thomson Coeff. K/bar 0.6381 0.5691 0.5281 0.5667 0.4454
Speed of Sound m/s 393.551 403.328 409.625 403.681 401.077
Dynamic Viscosity Pa*s*E-6 10.054 10.548 10.874 10.566 12.316
HeatCircuitCapacityW/(m*K) 0.0279 0.0300 0.0314 0.0300 0.0371
ISO 6976-1995 for Molar Mass and Calorific Values at 0degC
ISO 20765-1 2005 for Thermodynamic Properties
Flow Element Diameter 122.96 mm (122.90 mm at 8.33 degC Steel 5)
Pipe Diameter 202.54 mm (202.50 mm at 22.30 degC Steel 1)
Diameter Ratio 0.6071
Pressure Difference Across Flow Element 1045.00 mbar = 15.16 psi
Calibrated Discharge Coefficient
Calibration Differs from ISO standard formulae by 2.36 %
Mass Flow alpha Flow C Discharge Expansion RE Reynolds Kinematic Mach
Coefficient Coefficient Factor # (dPipe) Viscosity
-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------------+---------+
22.807 kg/s 0.66437 0.61760 0.99352 0.11642E+08 0.30401E-06 m2/s 0.1182
Orifice with Corner Tapping
ISO5167-2003 for Flow Calculation
http://progas.axelebert.org
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Order Information, Payment, Prepare the First Run
Before ordering make sure you have tested the trial version and you are satisfied with it.
To order you have to agree to the Terms and Conditions and provide your complete name, postal address and valid email address.
License scheme for the executable
- Personal 525 EUR: General commercial use for individuals using their own funds for purchase. The personal license can be used solely by the named person who purchased it. License transfer and concurrent usage are prohibited.
- Commercial 840 EUR: General commercial use for companies and organizations including non-profit and government. The commercial license can be used by any individual on any machine within the company/organization.
- Academic 100 EUR: Non-commercial use including education and academic research for accredited educational institutions, individual students and teachers. The academic license can be used by any student/staff member within the educational institution, unless it was purchased by an individual student/teacher. The academic license must be requested from a valid e-mail address of an accredited educational institution, and for approval in an e-mail reply proof of eligibility will be asked for (copy of current ID issued by the educational institution that includes the individuals name, the institution name, and the current date or term).
Payment Options
- Pre-payment to German bank account (5% discount) - recommended, if your bank supports SEPA transactions (Single Euro Payments Area - European Union, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Monaco). Bank account data (IBAN and BIC) and a reference number will be submited. A SEPA transaction should not cost more than a domestic transfer in EUR.
- Pre-payment to Swiss bank account (5% discount) - recommended, if you live in Switzerland or Liechtenstein. Bank account data, a reference number and the equivalent fee in Swiss Francs (Interbank Rate) will be submitted.
- Pre-payment via credit card and PayPal. A web - link will be submitted.
The order is without obligation until reception of payment. After reception of payment a license file »progas.key« and a download link for the software are sent to the email address which has been used for the order. Please allow 3 working days. After having sent the download link for the software and the license file the licence fee cannot be refunded.
Order Form
Prepare the First Run
The download link is a zipped folder (appr. 380 kB), which has to be saved on the computer and unzipped. The license file has to be temporary saved on the computer and must be executed once to unlock the full version. This stores the license information into the registry. The software is unlocked with the next start. The license file is no longer needed on this computer and can be deleted; however a safety backup of the license file should be made on a CD or other external storage device and kept it in a safe place. A license file cannot be replaced if it got lost.
The following files are in the unzipped folder
- pginput.txt
- progas.exe
- progas.bat
The progas.bat can then be started, and the software is ready to use.
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Terms and Conditions
Axel Ebert is the developer and exclusive copyright holder of PROGAS documents and software (the Materials). The copyright holder reserves all rights.The Materials are provided by the copyright holder under the following license. By obtaining, using and/or copying this work, you (the licensee) agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions.
Unless otherwise expressly stated, you may not reproduce the Materials in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. The Materials are copyrighted and any unauthorized use of the Materials may violate copyright, trademark, and other laws.
This is a license, not a transfer of title, and is subject to the following restrictions: You may not: (a) modify the Materials or use them for any public display, performance, sale or rental; (b) decompile, reverse engineer, or disassemble the Materials except and only to the extent permitted by applicable law; (c) remove any copyright or other proprietary notices from the Materials; or (d) transfer the Materials to another person. You agree to prevent any unauthorized copying of the Materials.
The developer has made his best effort to deliver a reliable version of this software and to verify the calculations contained herein on the basis of sound scientific judgment.
However, the developer does not warrant or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, text, graphics, product, process or other items contained within these Materials disclosed. The developer will not be liable for any direct, indirect, special or consequential damages arising out of any use of the software or documentation.
The developer may make changes to these Materials, or to the products described therein, at any time without notice. The developer makes no commitment to update the Materials.
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Downloads
pg_readme.pdf Progas Userguide [PDF 135 kB] updated 27-Nov-2011
Progas_Trial.zip Trial Version [ZIP 376 kB] updated 1-Nov-2011 [MD5 checksum progas.exe 30b71c4c81b0916ea7cdb74b2974d686]
Progas Sample Input File GAS 3 ISO 20765-1 2005(E) Progas Sample Output File GAS 3 ISO 20765-1 2005(E) Progas Sample Input File GAS 4 ISO 20765-1 2005(E) Progas Sample Output File GAS 4 ISO 20765-1 2005(E)Top of Page
